Ultrasonic Examination (A, B & C SCAN)
Ultrasonic Examination uses transmission of high-frequency sound waves into a material to detect imperfections within the material or changes in material properties. The most commonly used ultrasonic testing method is Pulse Echo, wherein the sound is introduced into the test object and reflections are returned to a receiver from internal imperfections and geometrical surfaces of the part.

Magnetic Particle Examination
Magnetic Particle Examination is done by inducing a magnetic field in a ferromagnetic material and dusting the surface with iron particles. Surface imperfections will distort the magnetic field and concentrate the iron particles near the imperfections, thus indicating their presence.

Dye Penetrant Examination
Liquid Penetrant Examination is probably the most widely used NDE method. The test object or material is coated with a visible or fluorescent dye solution. The excess dye is removed from the surface, and then a developer is applied. The developer acts like a blotter. It draws penetrant out of the imperfections which are open to the surface. With visible dyes, the vivid color contrast between the penetrant and the developer makes the bleed easy to see. An ultraviolet lamp is used to make the bled out fluorescent brightly, thus allowing the imperfection to be seen clearly.

Hardness Testing
Hardness is the property of a material that enables it to resist plastic deformation, usually by penetration. However, the term hardness may also refer to resistance to bending, scratching, abrasion or cutting.

POSITIVE MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION
PMI (Positive Material Identification) testing is the analysis of materials to determine the chemical composition of a metal or alloy at particular (usually multiple) steps of alloy manufacturing or in-process alloy installation.